Careers Requiring Medical Terminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Careers Requiring Medical Terminology - Essay Example The data management team is responsible for coding for reimbursement and records purposes. The teams are comprised of management and specialists and each member needs a knowledge of medical terminology. Coding specialists translate diagnostic and procedural phrases into codes appropriate for medical records. The data specialists are responsible for the accuracy of clinical coding. The data quality manager is responsible for developing and maintaining a quality plan for coding, reimbursement, and records (Coding). The medical transcriptionist requires a knowledge of medical terminology to translate the record of a person's medical history, diagnoses, treatment, prognosis, and outcome from oral to written form (Medical Transcriptionist). The medical billing specialist analyzes and corrects claims for private insurance, HMO, Medicare, and Medicaid. It is essential that they have an understanding of medical terminology and the CPT and ICD-9 codes (Certified Medical). The Health Information Management (HIM) compliance specialist coordinates the compliance of terminology and coding with professional and legal requirements (HIM Compliance Specialist). Almost every career in medicine uses medical terminology. This specialized language is useful in specialized patient care, interaction with physicians, and working with the insurance companies. In the modern medical career, this terminology is an educational imperative.

Parental Involvement in Education Essay Example for Free

Parental Involvement in Education Essay Clay P. Bedford once said, â€Å"You can teach a student a lesson for a day; but if you can teach him to learn by creating curiosity, he will continue the learning process as long as he lives.† It’s the 21th century and we have achieved the peaked of the brilliancy of the human race and everything is manipulated with a click of the mouse, with the aid of computer technology we can achieve a faster way of learning. However, the urgency, dedication, and quality of learning of children 20 years ago are quite different from the children of this generation. A change in the attitude towards education – a move to the life-long paradigm is currently taking place globally. The fundamental aim of building a better system of education defined the type of society built. Currently, substantial changes have taken place in the context of teaching as well as the system of education and organization of academic work. The success of our community depends upon the pace and extends of building a knowledge-based society with the realms of our school. But, â€Å"The quality of education in the U.S. today declined at a tremendous rate.† (Houig 4-10). Have we as parents contributed to the decline of our children’s learning? Could this be the psychological effect of a dysfunctional family; the types of environment our children are growing; are the children themselves don’t have the urge to study or lack of parental involvement in the child’s education? Therefore, to what point do we as parents try to get involve in our children’s life? This has been a question unanswered by all parents like us? Parental involvement in children’s upbringing plays a very vital role in their attitude and quality of learning. Well, parents go immense lengths to give their offspring the best possible start in life – from providing the first meal, to offering vigilant protection and teaching them the skills to survive on their own. And after continued reading, researching, and asking questions about would have attributed to the continued decline of the quality of education of our children, I have drawn a common t hought that child-rearing practice takes a vital role in the attitude of children towards education. And the most influential in the child’s approach to education is definitely a good child-rearing practice (Hoover-Dempsey 3-42). The techniques of child-rearing that parent are using when raising their children has a great effect on the child’s growth and development. Every society has different  child-rearing practices used to facilitate child development. The practices depend on cultures, beliefs, and socio-economic as well as environmental factors. These different factors influence child development as societies at the same time have different perceptions and expectations on child development. There are two types of child-rearing techniques introduced to us by Ms. Annette Lareau, â€Å"concerted cultivation† wherein in most cases provides the child with skills and advantages over â€Å"natural growth† wherein the children in the classroom will learn and eventually will advance to their career. Parents engaged in concerted cultivation are parenting by attempting to foster children’s talents through organized leisure activities, which teach them to respect authority and how to interact in a structured environment. Learning how to interact in structured environment much like in the classroom gives student a head start in school special emphasis on reasoning skills and language use. These parents are much involved in the following their children’s activities. Through this process children from concerted cultivation upbringing will be more productive in their academic endeavors and they feel more responsible because they know that their parents are highly involved. The second type of technique of child-rearing practice involves parents in the working class which engage their children in the accomplishment of natural growth. Children usually have more unstructured time and therefore these children create their own to preoccupy themselves. They create activities such as watching television, playing computer games, PSP, X-Box and Nintendo DS. This environment does not prepare children to survive in setting that are very structured, such as school. Accompanying the strain of not having enough time, working class parents are left with less time to get involve with their children’s schooling activities. My experience as a teacher’s assistant has thought me to judge parents’ involvement in their children’s learning with performance of each child in school. The proactive parents have their children’s homework completed, memos read and required documentation turned in the following day while half of the class still has their memos on their folders and with no homework completed. Now that coincides with the notes from research showing that when â€Å"Parents are involved in their children’s learning, students achieve more and less likely to drop out of school† (Keith, et.al. 31-40). So, how do we define parental involvement? Parental  involvement includes a wide range of behavio rs but generally refers to parents and family members use and investment of resources in their children’s schooling. After that broad definition, let us differentiate the various types of parents to fully understand and vividly portray the effects of parental involvement in each child’s quality of education. There are three main types of parents: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parents. Authoritative parents are found to be the style with more success in upbringing; they establish a balance between making demands and being responsive to their children’s specific needs. These parents provide their children encouragement which embodies positive attitudes towards work and effort. With such enthusiasm and children receive all the courage they need to pursue good grades. These children also feel secured in their personality and feel more comfortable asking for help when they need it most. Children of these parents tend to do better while in school (Cotton 1). Authoritarian parents follow a style where they simply tell their children what to do, and not to argue with them. Parents who apply this style tend to limit children’s independence and force them to follow strict rules by threatening harsh punishment for violations. They also tend to be less responsive to and a ccepting of their children. By preventing children from exercising control over their own behaviors and learning from their mistakes, authoritarian parents inadvertently may be rearing children to believe that they are not responsible for what happens to them. Children from these groups of parents tend to display loss of confidence and motivation because of there is lack of continued positive reinforcement. These are the parents that get discouraged when their children come home with bad grades. They punish their children which often cause an uneasy feeling for these children to seek for help; even worse, they may exhibit rebellious attitude towards their parental authority and ultimately towards his outlook on acquiring his education. Permissive parents are very passive and feel their child’s life should be their own responsibility and are often expressing an â€Å"I don’t care† attitude towards their achievement as well as their outlook in life. This can be very dangerous in that the child’s motivation is almost if not quite completely based on observation and peer influence, leaving a large variable on the location and condition of the child’s upbringing. These are the type of parents that are presumed not necessarily uncaring or negligent  in their child’s need; however the children perceived it as such. Ruth Nuneviller Steinem once said, â€Å"Children don’t belong to us. They are little strangers who arrive in our life and give us pleasure and duty of caring for them, but we don’t own them. We help them become who they are.† This is the true essence of being a parent and that being able to impart and bring out the best in our children, be it our own or other children that we get acquainted throughout our life time. Parents’ beliefs and perceptions on the responsibilities as parents have a big effect on their children’s interest in learning (ESU 1-3). But, numerous controversies could cloud the full implementation of programs in school to foster parental improvement in education. An article came up at one of the issues of Michigan State University paper saying, â€Å"Some are concern about parental involvement program stems from their observation that many schools and teachers use a â€Å"one-size† fits all approach to teaching. And the International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies say, â€Å"It is i mperative for teachers and school personnel to enhance their strategies for promoting parental presence.† While another article published at Education State say, â€Å"Educators need to recast the idea of partnership more one in which they parent parents.† So, everyone agree that we need to act on promoting parental involvement in education in order for the student to achieve and excel at highest potential. Our system needs to stream line and advocate the importance of parental involvement and overcome the various obstacles and stigma that permeates our society as a whole. We need to work in unison, united with one goal and dedicated to achieving the goal of improving the quality of education for our generation and the generations to come. It is imperative that these obstacles are talked and overcome so that our children will be better leaders and citizens of our country and the world. In my continued research I found that parental involvement has shown a consistent positive relationship between parents’ engagement in their children’s education and student outcomes ( Such 39-68). So, what can we do as parents? To succeed in our endeavors we as parents, need to get a partner, learn more about organizations working to boost parental involvement, attend workshop and empowering oneself. Parental involvement constitute (1) volunteering by adopting and sponsoring academic based programs, school clubs, or team – attending meetings to help enhance and support academic improvement within  the school; coach sports and supporting the clubs and teams in its advocacy. And if the school cannot get a staffer dedicated to parent engagement, parents should get together and start training parents to be reading and math tutors and even establish a welcoming committee that new parents in the school; (2) setting fair and consistent rules – homework first and foremost before anything else; (3) setting examples – parents needs to show interest in reading, discovering new things and learning and sharing ideas and (4) keeping lines of communication open parents need to encourage their children to relate how their day was. Parents should take a minute or two to answer questions that arises even in a very hectic schedule. Parental involvement is an important area o f sociology because of its significance to social capital and its positive impacts on children. It is, by itself, a social relation involving teachers, parent, and students where each play a role and function based on their own expectations, familial and social norms, and personal and social obligations. Japan for example set a high regard to parental involvement in the education of their children, â€Å"Teachers make explicit and exacting demands on parents for their direct involvement I their children’s learning† (Halloway et.al. 91-97). Japanese schools promote parental involvement (oyanokanyo in Japanese) is said to be strong because parent-school relationship is viewed as a relationship that is based on trust, deference, partnership, and cooperation. Mothers are the primary educator in the lives of their children. They are viewed as (1) audience – Japanese school provide venue where parents can interact with each other and this occur during school orientation (shinnyuugakujidoudetsumeikai) for incoming first graders done yearly during the month of Janu ary to February and parents sit in on a class and listen to the teacher’s lecture; (2) volunteers – parents are asked to fill out a form indicating interest, expertise, and experience. Information provided is used to create a â€Å"talent bank† a database containing the parents name so that they can use to fill up basic services that the school needs like safeguarding students while crossing the street or even recycling activities; (3) paraprofessional – parents acting as teachers during the summer. These work includes making sure they read to their children, make sure that summer home works are done; (4) learners – Japanese school requires parents to attend seminars to improve their efficacy in educating and rearing their children and in some  schools parents are encouraged to attend skills training like ironing, sewing, internet use, etc.; and (5) decision-makers – the school’s PTA officers in Japan meet in the city discuss matters geared to improvement in the school and their children. As my research progress, I have learned that in China compared to our public school system, parental involvement is higher. Parents in China have greater educational expectations for their children. Chinese parents place more emphasis on effort rather than emphasis on ability especially when attributing reasons for difficulty or failure. Chinese parents accept the critical role of helping their children learn concepts if they are lagging in school. Involvement of Chinese parents is â€Å"back-stage/behind the scene†- they are more engaged in home-based activities to boost their child’s ability to learn. Chinese parents make sure that their children complete their homework with perfection. In China, education ethics begins with parents. Mother will actually attend school; takes note; to observe the child-teacher relationship and the child’s behavior towards learning (International Journal of Social Sciences 26-35). Chinese parents are engaged more in cultural practice that honored the professional expertise of teachers and the need to access skills for successful access to social mobility while at the same time they sought to maintain the cultural integrity of their community. In India, the framework of the parental involvement in India’s Education System is defined as controlled by the individual parent, parental school board or the tribal council. Like in many eastern Asian countries education is of highest value that parents could provide for their children. While the authority for overseeing the whole education system lies on federal trust, the responsibility for In dian people remains with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, all agenda pertaining education is directed to include laws and regulations that impact the whole public school system (Warner 4-18). While the Middle Class Americans parents encourage their children to nurture their talent with various activities that will later give them a head start. These parents exposed their children on how to interact in a structured setting. Other parent’s get involves in their children’s life by having an open communication with their children’s teachers. They get involved in the academic process, school activities and other extra-curricular activities that the child is interested with. The Working Class American parents on the  other hand relies on the natural growth of the child, giving the child the opportunity to make their own choices to keep their time occupied, that most engaged themselves with video games and social networking media like Facebook and Twitter. These children learn at their own phase and eventually losing their focus interest in learning and in the traditional population like in the case of the Hawaiians, parents tend to provide their children a non-stimulating environment. They often are unaware that their child-rearing practices can affect their children’s cognitive and language development. They fail to appreciate the importance of playing and chatting with their children because they are unaware of the age-appropriate activities to do with their children. Many of these parents inhibit exploration putting emphasis on discipline, obedience, and respect for elders, religious beliefs and cultural observance (Sheehey 3-15). Both the U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services note, â€Å"The role of mother as well as father is necessary in the development and academic success of a child.† Mothers and fathers often bring different strengths and style to their parenting roles. Children benefit significantly in many areas when fathers and mothers are actively engaged. These advantages are the building blocks for success that begins from birth and lasts into adulthood. According to research gathered by the Minnesota Fathers and Families Network some of these benefits include: (1) social skills – children grown with greater empathy , less gender role stereotyping and higher self-esteem. In cases where fathers are actively engaged children have more self-control and less impulsive behaviors; (2) excel in problem-solving – children have less hesitance and fear in new situations because, acceptance and confidence are instilled, increase curiosity to learning, increase exploration of the world around them and these children have greater tolerance for success and frustration because of the nurturing and love that they have received in their childhood; (3) cognitive benefits – higher math competence when fathers dynamically participates in the children’s homework and class activity, overall verbal competence and early literacy because parents effort to reading and story-telling leads to children’s interest towards reading and ultimately all these concerted efforts eventually leads to higher grade completion and income overall. To some parents who take time to attend meetings, conferences and participates in school activities and  events are t eaching their children the value of setting priorities and giving importance to the development of their children’s social life. These parents are teaching their children to be socially aware, responsible, and work for the betterment of the community. â€Å"Our future rest on the quality of children we are raising† (Elium 1-35). These also teach the children to value education. Seeing their parents giving up their time to be in school and get involve completes their development as a whole. For our goal in sending our children to school is for them to be physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually fit to the society where we belong. We raise our children to better leaders, better care-takers of our environment, better citizens of our society and better parents for our future generation. My personal experience has also convinced me that parental involvement play a vital role in education. This is the story of my medically challenged daughter; Bethany Joy who really exemplifies that role of parental involvement truly is beneficial. She was born prematurely, 29 weeks GA, with low birth weight. She suffered from an intraventricular hemorrhage Grade III meaning, the three chambers or the ventricles bleed 10 days after birth. Her neonatologist and neurologist said that secondary to the severity of the brain damage, she will not be able to walk and talk. A periventricular shunt was implanted to act as the vertebral column where her cerebrospinal fluid will flow. Knowing her prognosis, my husband and I decided that is she will pull through with all this other medical complications that I will have to quit my job. We were determined to defy all the doctors’ perceptions. We nurtured her in a loving environment, made few advances on her therapy sessions, made every effort to read, sing, and played with her and eventually she came out victorious. Talking before she turned one and walking at 13 months. She had undergone five brain surgeries and five other minor surgeries but she is in a regular school and has been one of the recipients of the Academic Honor Student for the past six years at her school. So, now it is safe to conclude that parents’ participation in their child’s education is far more vital in the success of the child’s education. â€Å"Our involvement as parents can mold the child’s interest towards learning† (Eliun 1-35). So, let’s make a difference in our children’s lives, to create a better society and life for our children in the generations to come.

Microeconomics: Elasticity Concept of Supply and Demand

Microeconomics: Elasticity Concept of Supply and Demand INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS CONTENTS MICROENOMICS (Words: 2,744) 1.  ELASTICITY CONCEPT OF DEMAND SUPPLY Elasticity lets us know a lot of things about our demand and supply. Besides that, elasticity of demand lets us know what number of additional units of an item will be sold when the value is cut (or what number of fewer units will be sold when the value is increased). The degree to which a demand or supply curves responds to a change in value is the curve elasticity (Heakal, R., 2003). Reem Heakal (2003) expressed that items that are necessities are more incentive to price changes since purchasers might keep purchasing these items despite the increments of price. On the other hand, a price increase of a good or service that is recognized to a lesser degree need will stop more consumers since the chance expense of purchasing the item will get to be excessively high (Quant Lego, 2013). Elasticity is a concept of responsiveness of one or more economic variables to changes in an alternate set of one or more variables (Quant Lego, 2013). The way of this responsiveness and the genuine value of elasticity convey useful knowledge and information to comprehend the way of relationship among economic variables and take decisions to influence one economic variable under ones control to acquire a desired outcome about the quality of the other economic variable (Quant Lego, 2013). A good or service is acknowledged to be highly elastic if a slight change in value prompts to a sharp change in the amount demanded or supplied. Normally these sorts of items are promptly accessible in the business and an individual may not so much require them in his or her everyday life. O the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in value witness just modest changes in the amount demanded or supplied, if any whatsoever (Quant Lego, 2013). These products have a tendency to be things that are to a greater extent a need to the consumer in his or her everyday life. The elasticity of the supply or demand curves can be determined using the equation below: Elasticity = (% change in quantity / % change in price) According to Heakal, R. (2003), if elasticity is greater than or equal to one, the curve is considered to be elastic. If it is less than one, the curve is said to be inelastic. The demand curve is a negative slope as shown in Figure 1, and if there is a large decrease in the quantity demanded with a small increase in price, the demand curve looks flatter, or more horizontal. This flatter curve means that the good or service in question is elastic (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 1Graph of elastic demand (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Meanwhile, inelastic demand is represented with a much more upright curve as quantity changes little with a large movement in price as shown in Figure 2 (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 2Graph of Inelastic demand (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Elasticity of supply works similarly. According to Heakal, R. (2003), if a change in price results in a big change in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Hence, elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Graph of elastic supply (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one as shown in Figure 4 (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 4Graph of inelastic supply (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Elasticity, defined as a ratio of proportional or per cent changes, is necessarily dimensionless meaning that it is independent of units of measurement (Hodrick, L. S. (1999). For example, the value of the price elasticity of demand for gasoline would be the same whether prices were measured in dollars or francs, or quantities in tonnes or gallons. This unit-independence is the main reason why elasticity is so popular a measure of the responsiveness of economic behaviour (Hairies, L., 2005). 2.  PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY Hence, elasticity is a measure of exactly how much the amount demanded will be influenced by a change in value wage or change in price of related goods (Heakal, R., 2003). There are four sorts of elasticity, there are; price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply (Gachette, B., 2007). 2.1  Price Elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand analyses the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in price which is significant to know since then we know if it’s more beneficial to increase or decrease cost. In addition, price elasticity of demand help figure demand and help the firms choose about pricing in distinctive business portions. Monopolistic price discrimination might be practiced if the demand elasticity of distinctive business sector fragments is known/ assessed. Price elasticity of demand and supply helps to focus the feasible offering of the occurrence of a tax or a change in the tax rate (Das, S., 2005). Buoyancy in tax venues might be judged on the basis of income and price elasticity. This information is very useful for the economists included in providing estimates of tax revenue and proposes new taxes or changes in tax rates in the government (Das, S., 2005). 2.2  Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in wage this helps economists with classifying goods as substandard (the higher the income the lower the consumption) or normal (the higher the income the higher the consumption) (Das, S., 2005). Income elasticity of demand helps extend the interest for goods that a nation might require as the economy develops to higher and higher per capita wage levels. Demand for certain essential components of food are relatively inelastic after a certain level of income is reached. Thus, demand for cereals (for example, oats) is inelastic once the population has crossed the poverty line. But the demand for grains may at present increment through the demand for meat (as animals have to be reared on fodder grains). Such information helps long-term national planning. 2.3  Cross price elasticity of demand Cross price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in a competitors price this helps economists in comprehension if goods are complements (demand for one leads to demand for another) or substitutes (demand for one means less demand for another) (Das, S., 2005). Cross price elasticity also help pricing and marketing strategies keeping in view the effect of changes in cost of substitutes, complementary items and competing items in the same want fulfilling category. Publicizing using elasticity is essential to decide about advertising outlays and alternative advertising campaigns of organizations. 2.4  Price elasticity of supply Finally price elasticity of supply is the responsiveness regarding supply with a change in price which helps economists comprehend suppliers capacity to increase stocks for example agricultural goods producers have a low price elasticity of supply because if demand suddenly increases they have limited capacity to increase supply because of the long time it takes to produce this supply (Das, S., 2005). 3.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUS Customer and Producer surplus are two huge parts of matters of trade and profit particularly concerning marketing and pricing (Michigan State University, 2001). Customer Surplus is the cost above business sector value that you might be ready to pay or expressed diversely it is the maximum price that you might pay for a thing – the genuine price for that thing. Producer Surplus is basically the contrast between what a producers is willing and able to supply or offer an item for and what they get for it (Whfreeman, 2005). Simple example about consumer surplus, such as I-phone, let’s say that you willing to pay a maximum of RM2,500 but when you get to the store you discovered that the I-phone only cost you RM2,000 in which case you bought it and received a consumer surplus of RM 500; RM2,500 – RM2,000 = RM 500. Another example for producer surplus, take a company like Apple, let’s say that they would be willing to sell I-Pod for RM 200 and that is the absolute lowest they would willing to sell for but they manage to sell them for a price of RM 300 in this case the producer surplus is RM 100; RM 300 – RM 200 = RM100. When you observed those figures carefully, you’ll see that a basic economic principle in that the higher a product is priced the higher the producer surplus will be but the lower consumer surplus will, eventually if the seller keeps raising its prices then the consumer surplus will become 0 at the point the consumer will not want to purchase that product anymore (Whfreeman, 2005). Therefore, there are certain factors that need to be comprehended deeply in order to understand more about this consumer and producer surplus. Firstly is the law of demand. The law of demand stated that consumers will buy more of something (for example, sugar) when the price is falls or cheaper. Secondly is the law of supply. The law of supply stated that the higher the price of a product the more of it sellers are willing to supply. The premise of this comes essentially from producer surplus. Higher product price increases producer surplus thus they are willing to sell more of it because of the positive surplus (Michigan State University, 2001). The concepts of producer and consumer surplus help economists make welfare (normative) judgement about different methods of producing and distributing goods (Khan Academy, 2014). The differences between consumer and producer surplus are consumer surplus measures the gains to consumers from trade, whereas producer surplus measures the gains to producers from trade. Both consumer and producer surplus can measure a nation’s prosperity more accurately than GDP (gross domestic product). These concepts can help us to understand why markets are an efficient way to organize trade. Figure 5Graph of total surplus of Consumer and producer (e.g. books) (Source: Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics.) Based on the Graph of total surplus of consumer and producer as shown in Figure 5, both consumers and producers are better off because there is a market in this good, there are gains from trade. These gains from trade are the reason everyone is better off participating in a market economy than they would be if each individual tried to be self-sufficient. Consumer surplus is the difference between the value to buyers of a level of consumption of a good and the amount the buyers must pay to get that amount. Consumer surplus is the welfare consumers get from the good. Consumer surplus can be estimated from the demand curve for a good (Pepperdine University, 2010). The term producer’s surplus first shown up in A. Marshall’s Principle [11, p. 811, f.2], taking shape as the area between the competitive equilibrium price and the supply curve, a curve that slopes upwards as a result of placing the firms in order of diminishing efficiency as shown on figure 5. Marshall seems to stretch out the terms in order to comprehend all the surpluses a man determines as producer, including a â€Å"worker’s surplus† arising from the sale of his personal services and a â€Å"saver’s surplus† arising from the services of his capita (Mishan, E. J., 1968). 4.  EFFECTS OF ELASTICITY ON CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUS In economics, elasticity is the ratio of the proportional change in one variable with respect to proportional change in another variable (Gachette, B., 2007). Price elasticity, for example, is the sensitivity of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in prices. Elasticity is usually expressed as a negative number but shown as a positive percentage value. One typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a good (for example, apples) when prices increase. According to Gachette, B. (2007), as the price of a good rises, consumers will usually demand a lower quantity of that good, perhaps by consuming less, substituting other goods, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand. However, there may be some goods that consumers require, cannot consume less of, and cannot find substitutes for even if prices rise (for example, certain prescription drugs). Another exampl e is oil and its derivatives such as gasoline. For such goods, the price elasticity of demand might be considered inelastic. Furthermore, elasticity will normally be different in the short term and the long term (Das, S., 2005). For example, for many goods the supply can be increased over time by locating alternative sources, investing in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products which can substitute. One might therefore expect that the price elasticity of supply will be greater in the long term than the short term for such a good, that is, that supply can adjust to price changes to a greater degree over a longer time (Pepperdine University, 2010). This applies to the demand side as well. For example, if the price of petrol rises, consumers will find ways to conserve their use of the resource. However, some of these ways, like finding a more fuel-efficient car, take longer period of time. Thus, consumers may be less able to adapt to price shocks in the short term than in the long term (Hairies, L., 2005). However, there would be another effect of consumer surplus when the producer takes advantage of consumer surplus such as setting prices. In an organization (producers/ sellers) can identify groups of consumer within their market who are willing and able to pay different prices for the same product, then producers/sellers might engage in price discrimination. The price that the consumer willing to pay, thereby turning consumer surplus into extra revenue. This often happen in local fitness gym either in your area or other places whereby different fitness gym offers different prices with the same products. Another good example that can be seen the effect of consumer and producer surplus is the Airlines companies itself, such as Air Asia Airlines. Air Asia Airlines using their famous tagline â€Å"Now everyone can fly† is one of the cheapest and affordable prices Airlines in Asia. By extracting from consumers the price they are willing and able to pay for flying to different destinations are various times of the day, and exploiting variations in elasticity of demand for different types of passenger service. If you noticed that, often the price of tickets flights is cheaper when you book the flight earlier either weeks or months in advance. The airlines are prepared to sell tickets more cheaply then because they get the benefit of cash-flow at the same time making sure that each seat are being filled. The nearer the time to take off, the higher the price of the tickets flights. Thus, if a businessman is desperately to fly from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah to Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malay sia within 24 hour time, his or her demand is said to be price inelastic and the corresponding price for the ticket will be much higher. Therefore, this is one of the way Airlines such as Air Asia Airlines exploit their monopoly position by raising the prices in markets where demand is inelastic, at the same time extracting consumer surplus from buyers and increasing profit margin. 5.  SUMMARY In conclusion, elasticity is an important concept in understanding the incidence of indirect taxation, marginal concepts as they relate to the theory of the firm, distribution of wealth and different types of goods as they relate to the theory of consumer choice and. Elasticity is also significant in any discussion of welfare distribution, in particular consumer surplus, producer surplus, or government surplus. Furthermore, the concept of elasticity has an extraordinarily wide range of applications in economics. In particular, an understanding of elasticity is useful to understand the dynamic response of supply and demand in a market, in order to achieve an intended result or avoid unintended results. For example, a business considering a price increase might find that doing so lowers profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business considering a price cut might find that it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is price inelastic. Therefore, an economic signal is any piece of information that helps people makes better economic decisions. 6.REFERENCES Das, S. (2005) The Concept of Elasticity in Economics. Available at: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~sdas/elasticity/broaderusage.htm (Accessed 20 February 2014). Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics. Available at: http://www.aiu.edu/publications/student/english/Principles%20of%20Microeconomics.html (Accessed 21 February 2014) Haines, L. (2005) Elasticity is Back: Oil and Gas Investor. Heakal, R. (2003). Economics Basics: Elasticity. Investopedia Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp (Accessed 21 February 2014). Hodrick, L. S. (1999) Does Price Elasticity Affect Corporate Financial Decisions? Journal of Financial Economics. Mishan, E. J. (1968). What is Producer Surplus? The American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 5. Khan Academy (2014) Consumer Producer Surplus. Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/consumer-producer-surplus (Accessed 20 February 2014). Michigan State University (2001) Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at: https://www.msu.edu/course/ec/201/brown/pim/pdffiles98/csps98.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014). Pepperdine University (2010) Chapter 4: Surplus and Efficiency. Available at: http://faculty.pepperdine.edu/jburke2/ba210/PowerP1/Ch4.ppt (Accessed 20 February 2014). Quant Lego (2013) Economics Basics: A Tutorial. Building Blocks For Financial Quant Skills. Available at: http://www.quantlego.com/knowledge/economics-basics-tutorial/5/ (Accessed 21 February 2014). Whfreeman (2005) Chapter 6: Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at: http://www.whfreeman.com/college/pdfs/krugman_canadian/CH06.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014).

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Essay -- Comparison Compare C

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeare’s thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are especially prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, especially women, is Susan Glaspell’s Trifles. Because Glaspell’s play shows women that they are certainly just as capable as men of completing any task, it encourages women to take a stand against the supposed supremacy of their husbands. It also forces men to consider more seriously the opinions and concerns of women. While Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale in Trifles do this in a quiet manner, they still remain defiant against their husband’s beliefs that they are only competent enough to worry about â€Å"trifles† (Glaspell 1618). Therefore, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles explore many issues that are still relevant to society today by questioning, supporting, and criticizing some of them, especially loyalty, gender roles, protecting loved ones, and deception. First, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark seriously questions the extent to which one should be loyal to one’s family. It obviously holds this value as one to consider seriously because it is the issue on which the play is based, Hamlet’s loyalty to his father. Thus, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark asks its readers to... ... April 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2004-04-03-benedetto_x.htm. Cantor, Paul. Shakespeare: Hamlet. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Crocker, Lisa. â€Å"Studies in Liminality: A Review of Critical Commentary on Glaspell’s Trifles.† 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm#knot Evans, Elizabeth M. â€Å"Biographical Influences on Glaspell’s Trifles.† 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm#knot. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1616 -1626. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1395-1496.

Stride Toward Freedom

Identical Thought in â€Å"Patient† and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† Once I was exposed to reading â€Å"Patient† and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† I put myself in Christopher Hitchers and Rachel Reedier shoes and realized how humor, can be used in a horrendous situation. Not everyone may know what a cancer patient has to go through but as days go by everyone has been through a situation that cannot handle on his or her own. By reading these two articles, I automatically had a mental mage of what and how the narrator felt.In the article, â€Å"Patient†, Reedier is trying to lighten the mood by using humor throughout the whole article. Both articles have multiple similarities that have personal anecdotes that explain their life story. The articles are similar with Hitchers and Reedier with the use of tone in the â€Å"Patient† and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† through humor, images and horrible situations. Humor can be comical in many situations, but in th e â€Å"Patient† and â€Å"Topic of Cancer†, the authors indicate the reader that pain can be a wholesome situation.In the article, â€Å"Patient† a teenager was hit by a bus and later on was informed that her leg may need to be amputated. The author uses phrases saying, â€Å"l feel like I got hit by a bus† to show his expression on how he truly feels about this situation (Reedier 166). Hitchers, the author of the â€Å"Topic of Cancer† expresses humor throughout the article in ways of saying, â€Å"The chest hair that was once the toast of two continents hasn't yet wilted, but so much of it was shaved off for various hospital incisions that it's a rather patchy affair† (Hitchers 88).Hitchers is expressing how he has lost all of his hair, and he can still look at it in a humorous way (The Best American Essays). Reedier and Hitchers explain how situations like these can be engaged in many different ways. Anyone can take these essays as serio us as possible but can also take them as a humorous situation. As Reedier and Hitchers went through the essays, the narrator explained how they had struggled through their situation and still found positive attitude.Reedier uses a positive attitude by saying, â€Å"It is easy to be calm cause I cannot really have been run over by a bus† (Reedier 165). As horrible as the situation may sound the narrator makes it out to be not as bad is it seems to be. Hitchers explains how the situation needs to be in a positive way, â€Å"l sometimes wish I were suffering in a good cause, or risk my life for the good of others, instead of being a gravely endangered patient† (Hitchers 88). The narrator expresses how she would rather be suffering for a good reason instead of being in the hospital with cancer (The Best American Essays).Both of the articles prove that you can fight through any kind of injury or disease no matter how critical the situation can accrue. The narrator shows his faith by saying, â€Å"She would make the driver move that bus, but I can't see her† (Reedier 165). In the â€Å"Topic of Cancer† Hutchins shows, how he feels about his conditions and diagnoses with the quote, â€Å"To the dumb question â€Å"Why me? † the cosmos barely bothers to return the reply: â€Å"Why not? † (86). He is obviously looking at his illness as a positive outcome when many people look at it as their life is over (The Best American Essays).Even though cancer can kill someone and losing a leg can cause death, both of the narrators kept a positive attitude. Both of the narrators start out by asking themselves â€Å"why me†, as the articles continue the â€Å"Patient† goes on living a healthy life, but in the article â€Å"Topic of Cancer† he is still fighting for his life. There are similarities throughout the stories showing the way they feel, and showing their emotions through humor but in the end there is a differe nt outcome.

Death in the open Essay Example

Death in the open Essay Example Death in the open Essay Death in the open Essay Death in the open In the essay Death in the Open Lewis Thomas talks about the dead animals he finds on the side of the road and how he feels about such death. Life is about leaving an Impression in one way or another. Death is a reflection on what a person has done in the world. Thomas feelings towards death Is sadness and anger because of the way he reacts towards dead animals on the side of the road, how he feels about life as a whole Is a positive feeling, and how he thinks animals deal with death. When the author sees death in the open, he feels as though It a reminder of death. This Is proven when he reacts by seeing a dead animal on the side of the road. Thomas says, [t]he outrage Is more than Just the location; It Is the Impropriety of such voluble death, anywhere (Thomas 534). This shows that Just by witnessing death of another living animal the author feels anger because this dead animal Is a reminder that one day he will die. When the author talks about elite he has a slightly different tone Thomas says, [Of it were not for the constant renewal and replacement going on before your eyes, the whole place would turn to stone and sand under your et (Thomas 534). This shows that even though he views the world as a place where living creatures die on a constant basis but to the author life is able to defeat death by reproducing and never giving up. He gives this example when he talks about single cells. Thomas says, [t]here are some creatures that do seem to die at all; they simply vanish totally into their own progeny. Single cells do this (Thomas 535). He goes on to explain how the cell first starts as Just one but then multiplies itself into two then four and so on. This demonstrate the authors amazement of life, the cell doesnt die but just reproduces with itself to make more life. Thomas also wrote about how death is also well hidden in most cases. At the begging of the essay he talks about dead animals on the road and how it makes him upset, although he admits that many animals die and there remains are hardly seen in plain view. He says [a]animals seem to have an instinct for performing death alone, hidden. Even the largest, most conspicuous ones find ways to conceal themselves in time (Thomas 34). He goes on to say how some animals deal with death, for example Thomas said If an elephant missteps and dies the herd will not leave him there; the others will pick him up and carry the body from place to place, finally putting it down In some Inexplicably suitable location (Thomas 534). This shows that even though we may think dealing with death is a human attribute It Is also possible for other species to feel the same way. The author also wrote another essay about life called The Worlds Biggest Membrane. In this essay Thomas also feels as though life was given to us by luck. He states we are lucky to have oxygen In the alarm to breathe, he even talks about how Important it was when life first began to form. He says, there were two such explosion of new life, like vast embryological transformation, both dependent on the threshold levels of oxygen (Thomas 537). This shows that he not only appreciates life but also understands Its value, which Is why he even talks about how the luck we have oxygen. He says, [l]t Is another Illustration of our fantastic luck that oxygen filter UT the very bands of ultraviolet light that are most devastating for nucleic acids and photosynthesis (Thomas 537). He demonstrates his perception on how rare and complex life is. When the Thomas talks about not only the oxygen in the air but how it protects us from dangerous lights while letting in safe visible light to help plants with their photosynthesis. So as one can see the author feelings towards death is sadness and anger because of the way he reacts towards dead animals on the side of the road because it reminds him of his imminent death.

Family Relationship and Communication

Staff/Family Relationship and Communication Background The school administration committees are always concerned with staff, as well as other entities thus guaranteeing performance enhancement among students. An apt relationship between staff and families is essential in the accomplishment of school programs. The school authorities should, therefore, design devices and approaches that families can utilize to foster meaningful relationships and communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Staff/Family Relationship and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial step is developing a resolute association involving school workforce and families to ensure that they share common interests. Linking family units in school programs is never enough unless the personnel make the first move to fabricate unquestioning affiliation with them. There is no sole method ratified for nurturing a suitable communication and bond among teaches and families in an eff ort to improve students’ performance, but it involves instance and suppleness (Dietz, 2005). Families welcome to the program A reception process full of vigor should be employed whilst building employee/family rapport and contact. A warm welcome involving warm wishes coupled with posting symbols in the families’ indigenous languages will make them feel part of the school society. An assisting authority, fluent in the native language should act like an interpreter. Orientation episode should provide the families with a resource center because this will improve the intensity of reception. Transect walking around the school while indicating recent developments will make the families’ day enticing. Parents, guardians and other relatives will feel privileged when they split edifying and linguistic origins with some school team. The relationship should be initiated on an affirmative note thus highlighting school accomplishments. Trust levels should be augmented by pro pagating communication between the two parties. The management should show that they care and should exude respect to all the attending families. This is achieved through treating each attendant as a personage without any mistaken belief consequently addressing their interests. It is crucial to indicate that the school should uphold professionalism thus enhancing self-assurance among the staff. Information on daily happenings Information sharing amid families and staff is crucial in the daily updates of occurrences in the school; furthermore, there are several ways of attaining this concept (Christernson, Reschly, 2009). The family fraternity should be invited at the start of the term; in the occasion, welcome compliments are issued. Secondly, it is necessary to provide information about the staff learning practices and hold a commencement school reunion. Thirdly, constant daily communication with parents about the performance of their children is significant in incorporating the f amily in school activities. It is crucial that a weekly newspaper is sent to the family outlining the impending events in class, as well as school.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The broadsheet should be translated into a language understood by the parent if they do not comprehend English. Sporadic home stopovers are also encouraged where the school meets the families in their usual settings. This ultimately encourages the parents since they feel obliged. Finally, creation of a family handbook and reaching the families by phone helps in relaying regular information (Dietz, 2005). Structure and content of parent conference Parent conference is significant in the construction and upholding solidarity in school activities. It is crucial to ensure that all parents are in attendance by asking them one month prior thus establishing when the largest number may attend the conferenc e. Furthermore, it is crucial to give them a three week notice after setting the date. Preparation of student reports while listing all the strong points and limitations of every student will contribute to the success of the process. This is in addition to, producing folders containing school newsletter and other necessary information for each attendant prior to the conference day (Dietz, 2005). The conference should have a pleasurable locale like seats and cookies so that parents feel comfortable. The program must also adhere to the time schedule and any parent with concerns should be given appointments after the meeting. The conference discussions should use sandwich routine, which outlines the potencies at both the launch and last part of the convention. There should be a sketch out to steer the discussion, but parents should be permitted to ask questions and contribute during discussions. High levels of professionalism and proactive communication should be maintained throughout the meeting. The structure should contain a follow up record and a means of channeling the outcomes to the parents. Monthly communications It is not forgotten that monthly communications can be made either during conferences, but one of the best ways is to publish a monthly newspaper outlining the previous months’ accomplishments. Such media can also contain the planned activities ahead of the month. Parents and teachers can hold a short monthly meeting at the school to pass any available information; consequently, students can be given monthly handbooks to deliver to their parents (Christernson, Reschly, 2009). References Christernson, S. Reschly, A. (2009). Handbook of School-Family Partnerships. New York: Tylor Francis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Staff/Family Relationship and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dietz, M. (2005). School, Family, and Community: Techniques and Models for Su ccessful Collaboration. Mississauga: Jones Bartlett Learning.

Free Essays on Jack The Ripper

The worlds most notorious serial killer was active for only ten weeks, during which time he murdered five victims. Despite the relatively modest body count, his crimes terrorized the most populous city on earth, making headlines around the globe. To this day, Londons unidentified prostitute-killer remains the subject of more books, plays, films and articles than any other felon in recorded history. The mystery of Jack the Ripper opened on the 31st of August 1888, with the discovery of a womans lifeless body on Bucks Row, in the heart of the Whitechapel slums. The victims name was Mary Nichols, known as Polly to her friends, and she had earned her meager living as a prostitute before a final client showed a taste for blood. Her throat was cut, with bruises underneath the jaw suggesting that she had been punched or choked insensible before the killer plied his blade. The medical examiner discovered deep post-mortem slashes on the victims abdomen, with stab wounds to the genitals. The m urder of an East End prostitute was nothing new to Scotland Yard. Detectives had two other cases on the books for 1888, already. Emma Smith had been attacked on April 2, by a gang of four or five assailants, living long enough to offer the police descriptions of her killers. Martha Tabram had been found in Whitechapel on August 7, stabbed 39 times with a weapon resembling a bayonet. Neither crime had anything in common with the death of Mary Nichols, and detectives were compelled to wait for further homicides to indicate a pattern. On September 8, they found their link with the discovery of Annie Chapmans corpse, a short half-mile from Bucks Row. The victim, yet another prostitute, had first been choked unconscious, after which her throat was cut and she was cruelly disemboweled. Her entrails had been torn away and draped across one shoulder; portions of the bladder and vagina, with the uterus and ovaries, were missing from the scene. The Lancet quoted Dr. B... Free Essays on Jack The Ripper Free Essays on Jack The Ripper The worlds most notorious serial killer was active for only ten weeks, during which time he murdered five victims. Despite the relatively modest body count, his crimes terrorized the most populous city on earth, making headlines around the globe. To this day, Londons unidentified prostitute-killer remains the subject of more books, plays, films and articles than any other felon in recorded history. The mystery of Jack the Ripper opened on the 31st of August 1888, with the discovery of a womans lifeless body on Bucks Row, in the heart of the Whitechapel slums. The victims name was Mary Nichols, known as Polly to her friends, and she had earned her meager living as a prostitute before a final client showed a taste for blood. Her throat was cut, with bruises underneath the jaw suggesting that she had been punched or choked insensible before the killer plied his blade. The medical examiner discovered deep post-mortem slashes on the victims abdomen, with stab wounds to the genitals. The m urder of an East End prostitute was nothing new to Scotland Yard. Detectives had two other cases on the books for 1888, already. Emma Smith had been attacked on April 2, by a gang of four or five assailants, living long enough to offer the police descriptions of her killers. Martha Tabram had been found in Whitechapel on August 7, stabbed 39 times with a weapon resembling a bayonet. Neither crime had anything in common with the death of Mary Nichols, and detectives were compelled to wait for further homicides to indicate a pattern. On September 8, they found their link with the discovery of Annie Chapmans corpse, a short half-mile from Bucks Row. The victim, yet another prostitute, had first been choked unconscious, after which her throat was cut and she was cruelly disemboweled. Her entrails had been torn away and draped across one shoulder; portions of the bladder and vagina, with the uterus and ovaries, were missing from the scene. The Lancet quoted Dr. B...

Controversies in Organ Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Controversies in Organ Trade - Essay Example The author of the paper states that since health and money are two of the major considerations in life, the rich but sickly individual may be willing to buy an organ being sold in order to survive, while the poor having normal health would be willing to sell his body organ in return for a reasonable amount of money also for survival, given that either’s lives will not be put into high risk of harm. This argument may be viewed as a win-win situation by the proponents of organ trade while the oppositions, in contrast, may view this as a form of human exploitation. While commercialization of human organ is still illegal, the number of individuals waiting for organ transplant will continue to rise due to shortage of donors. To begin with, the legality of organ donation was honored in 1984 when the U.S. Congress passed the National Organ Transplant Act or NOTA in an effort to strengthen the nation’s ability to provide organs for transplant (Greussner and Benedetti 16). The N OTA strictly prohibits the commercial enterprise (buying/selling) in organ transplantation and provides protection and safety for the living donors (Greussner and Benedetti 17). In the U.S., as well as in all other countries, organ trafficking for profit is illegal, except in Iran (Cholia). With the ethical aspect, the net positive balance between recipient risk/benefit and donor risk/benefit justifies the use of living donors for organ transplantation (Greussner and Benedetti 17). Furthermore, the importance of organ donation is no longer debatable as it has already been proven that organ transplantation saves life. The need for solid organ transplantation has rapidly expanded beyond the supply of available organ donors and the most of which are in need of kidney transplant (Gruessner and Benedetti 16). The Organ Procurement Transplantation Network or OPTN showed 26,218 successful transplants and 13,252 donors from January to November 2010. Base on the above figures, it can be noti ced that the number of donors is just slightly above 10% of the total number of individuals waiting for donated organ transplants. In spite of the various promotional efforts by the authorities in-charged in organ donation, the reluctance of the people to voluntarily donate their body organs still remains. Could it be the lack of compensatory return that is worthy for the risk the donors will be taking? Because of this imbalance issues in the scheme of voluntarism for organ donation, some people in great need resorted to opt in the black market where there is greater access for organs from persons who are willing to provide healthy organs in exchange for money. Suddath and A. Altman presented the existence of organ black market when Levy Izhak Rosenbaum, a New York City resident, was accused to orchestrate the sale of a human kidney for $160,000. They added that most sales take place in developing countries, where a kidney can often be purchased for the price of a high-end TV. The W orld Health Organization also stated that through the purchase and sale of transplant organs from live donors are prohibited in many countries, the shortage of an indigenous supply of organs has led to the development of the international organ trade, where potential recipients travel abroad to obtain organs through commercial transactions (Shimazono).  

Exercise psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exercise psychology - Essay Example Exercise has been reported to reduce one’s feeling of depression and anxiety, as well as upgrading one’s cognitive skill and self appreciation. Any form of conscious activity requires utilizing both the mind and the body, much more if it’s a physical activity like exercising, be it a light or rigorous one. Exercise speeds up circulation of the blood, providing the brain with oxygen that aids in its function. According to Dr. Zeischegg, inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain can lead to poor concentration, mood swings, depressive thoughts, among others. Exercise likewise keeps the mind busy, allowing the person to veer away from whatever negative feelings he or she may be having at that point. It is imperative to add, however, that just like any other activity, exercise has to be done in moderation. Inexperience and lack of valuable information regarding chosen exercise may lead to adverse side effects and/or physical damage, thus, defying its purpose of psychol ogical enhancement. It is also imperative to stress the acknowledgment that depression is not a one-day sickness that goes away after sleeping on it. An excruciating experience or event generally causes depression. This experience or event may have happened overnight but this does not follow that getting over it will happen just as fast. Realizing this fact generally helps the patient realize that overcoming depression needs to be gradual, not forced. Several activities have been considered with reference to enhancing psychological well-being of a person. Frequently considered are running, walking, cycling, and swimming. Since the only given facts in the case study I chose were gender, age, and physical health, I will assume that any of the above-mentioned exercises may be apt for him. Running. â€Å"Running actually has the ability to alter an individual’s moods because hormones called endorphins are released while running†,

Breafly abour Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Breafly abour Global Warming - Essay Example This study demonstrates that this effects has led to low agricultural productions which is the source of gross domestic production (GDP) and therefore the global warming effects are depriving most third world countries of their income obtained from agricultural activities. The government has a key role to play in counteracting global warming effects and this is enacting laws that penalize violators of global warming based laws. The political will of the government is to impose legitimacy and authority of the orchestrated policy. On the other hand the public has their role also to play to counter global warming effects. Such roles include; implementing environmental protection policies such policies include using public transport such as trains as much as possible in order to reduce the number of personal cars that emit fossil fuel to the environment, companies reducing their factory exhaust fumes and conserving electricity use by using energy saving bulb. It was interesting in reading how global warming occurs when the sun’s rays penetrate the depleted ozone layer. How the sun rays mix with the green house gases that prevent them from bouncing back to the earths atmosphere.

Empowerment of women by migratory process Essay

Empowerment of women by migratory process - Essay Example This study was aimed at identifying the global care chain opportunities for women migrants and in the process how they are able to contribute to globalisation and to extend support for working mothers abroad, besides emancipation of themselves and dependant families back home. We have also seen the various aspects of migration and how it contributes to a nation’s economy and what are the impediments and hardships that a nanny has to experience while she remains part of the global care chain. And we have also seen various ways by which the women migrants can assert themselves having waited so long patiently for due recognition and rewards and how to command respect in the society and in the market. Ultimately the study convinces that the women migrants are becoming empowered by migrating to first world countries and finding employment as nannies for working mothers. Migration was until recently synonymous with men alone and women in migration as only followers of their men were invisible though they were also independently migratory. Migration of women was of no consequence as far as historians were concerned until Morokvasik M (1984) characterized women also as participants in the international migration process. The male authors treated both male and female migrators in male gender with the result women never caught the attention of the historians and anthropologists as an integral part of migration and independent of men Even women authors who began projection of women in the process have not been able to take the message out of women’s circle.

Parliamentary Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parliamentary Sovereignty - Essay Example They are appointed is for six term of office of six years through the term is renewable. The power of the ECJ defined in Article 243. The Member States mainly, but not exclusively, in exercising its jurisdiction under Articles 173, 177 and 228(6).2 The sovereignty of Parliament is the dominant characteristic of our political institutions. Sir. A. V. Dicey expressed it as cornerstone of the constitution and he has introduced of this doctrine of PS. These are: This rule means that the Parliament can make or unmake any law. Parliament may grant independence to dependent states whether dominions or colonies. For example: The Nigeria Independence Act 1960 and The Zimbabwe Independence Act 1979. 2. No Parliament may be bound by its predecessor or bind by its successor: The doctrine of repeal is the idea that supports this theory. Now any Act of Parliament can expressly or impliedly repeal any law. So, this power of Parliament support Dicey's this theory as Parliament is not being bound any Parliament before it. However, by Acts of Union, the law making power of UK and Scotland was merged that was maintained for more than 300 years. Acts of Union and the Grand of independence oppose this theory. This doctrine states that an Act will be accepted by Courts provided it was made by proper procedure. So, no one can question about its validity. But it is seen that citizens' i.e. ... Before 1688 settlement judges proclaim an Act invalid because of its conflicts with a law of higher statues. In Pickin v British Railway Board, Lord Read said that although, previous laws contrary to the law of God or the nature or natural justice can be said to be invalid, The comments of Lord Denning in McCarthy's v Smith, and Lord Diplock in Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd provides an analogy for arguing that the HRA could be repealed if Parliament wished. It cannot be an entrenched bill of Rights, but where a Sex Discrimination Act 1975 appeared inconsistent with Article 141(then Article119) EC (equal pay). However, HL was able to construe the provision in a manner consistent with Article.3 The influence between of the European court in the development of Community law, and the influence of domestic courts in the development of English law, on the other hand. Lord Diplock's dictum in the GCHQ is testament to the influence of the courts in the development of administrative law. His Lordship stated "English law relating to judicial control of administrative action has been developed upon a case-to-case basis which has virtually transformed it over the last three decades." In Les Verts the Court referred to the Treaty as the ""basic constitutional charter" of the Community and came to the conclusion that, although the Parliament was not mentioned as a possible defendant in Article 173, binding measures adopted by it were subject to judicial review. The Court stated that by Articles 173, 184 and 177 the Treaty intended to establish a complete system of legal remedies. Les Verts is a prime example of dynamic interpretation, an approach typical of the interpretation. The current British position is found

Consumer Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example It was primarily responsible for introducing smartphones to the public. This product made consumers realise that they could browse the web, communicate and do several other things on their mobile phones. It was after the Apple iPhone that the mobile app market rose to its current status. Apple was not the engineer or pioneer of mobile applications or smart phones; however, they were responsible for introducing it to the mass market. Through their elegant presentation, gracious store atmosphere, and well planned innovations, the company has garnered a loyal following from electronic and mobile enthusiasts alike (Sass 2). Every time Apple launches a new version of the IPhone, hoards of consumers will be waiting in line at any of their stores for the purchase of its products. Sometimes, buyers may camp outside their branches overnight. The organisation may get pre-orders for about 2 million iphones within the first hour of release. For the past five years, the same hype has been created around Apple’s products, and it looks like this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. As explained earlier, clanning is a phenomenon that takes place among consumers who share similar values and interests. Part of the reason why Apple products create a lot of excitement is the fact that they bring together persons with similar interests. When one consumer was asked why they would wait for hours in line in order to buy an iPhone, the person replied that it is an opportunity to meet people who have the same passion. The company has a community of enthusiasts who simply enjoy being part of something new and exciting. They thrive in the anticipation and suspense created around a new product launch. Apple is well aware of this consumer behaviour, thus explaining why it always creates a lot of secrecy around its launches (Vuong 6). The organisation never tells buyers how many phones it has stocked in order to create suspense.

Empowerment of women by migratory process Essay

Empowerment of women by migratory process - Essay Example This study was aimed at identifying the global care chain opportunities for women migrants and in the process how they are able to contribute to globalisation and to extend support for working mothers abroad, besides emancipation of themselves and dependant families back home. We have also seen the various aspects of migration and how it contributes to a nation’s economy and what are the impediments and hardships that a nanny has to experience while she remains part of the global care chain. And we have also seen various ways by which the women migrants can assert themselves having waited so long patiently for due recognition and rewards and how to command respect in the society and in the market. Ultimately the study convinces that the women migrants are becoming empowered by migrating to first world countries and finding employment as nannies for working mothers. Migration was until recently synonymous with men alone and women in migration as only followers of their men were invisible though they were also independently migratory. Migration of women was of no consequence as far as historians were concerned until Morokvasik M (1984) characterized women also as participants in the international migration process. The male authors treated both male and female migrators in male gender with the result women never caught the attention of the historians and anthropologists as an integral part of migration and independent of men Even women authors who began projection of women in the process have not been able to take the message out of women’s circle.

Consumer Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example It was primarily responsible for introducing smartphones to the public. This product made consumers realise that they could browse the web, communicate and do several other things on their mobile phones. It was after the Apple iPhone that the mobile app market rose to its current status. Apple was not the engineer or pioneer of mobile applications or smart phones; however, they were responsible for introducing it to the mass market. Through their elegant presentation, gracious store atmosphere, and well planned innovations, the company has garnered a loyal following from electronic and mobile enthusiasts alike (Sass 2). Every time Apple launches a new version of the IPhone, hoards of consumers will be waiting in line at any of their stores for the purchase of its products. Sometimes, buyers may camp outside their branches overnight. The organisation may get pre-orders for about 2 million iphones within the first hour of release. For the past five years, the same hype has been created around Apple’s products, and it looks like this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. As explained earlier, clanning is a phenomenon that takes place among consumers who share similar values and interests. Part of the reason why Apple products create a lot of excitement is the fact that they bring together persons with similar interests. When one consumer was asked why they would wait for hours in line in order to buy an iPhone, the person replied that it is an opportunity to meet people who have the same passion. The company has a community of enthusiasts who simply enjoy being part of something new and exciting. They thrive in the anticipation and suspense created around a new product launch. Apple is well aware of this consumer behaviour, thus explaining why it always creates a lot of secrecy around its launches (Vuong 6). The organisation never tells buyers how many phones it has stocked in order to create suspense.

Outline and evaluate definitions of abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate definitions of abnormality Essay Abnormality has three definitions. The first definition is deviation from social norms. Social norms are the approved and expected ways of behaving in a particular society. In terms of social norms, abnormal behaviour can be seen as behaviour that deviates from or violates social norms. The key weakness of the deviation of social norms is cultural relativity. Social norms by their very definition are specific to a particular culture or society so a behaviour seen as a deviation in one society may appear acceptable but may not be accepted in other society. Social norms vary as time changes and vary from culture to culture. Secondly, abnormality can be defined as the failure to function adequately. It means that a person is unable to love a normal life, they have experiences outside the normal range of emotions or do not engage in the normal range of behaviour. This can be seen as the person not being able to cope with life on a day-to-day basis. Functioning can be measured on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF). The first strength of failure to function is it is practical and focuses on treating the abnormal behaviour. Failure to function means those outside the individual do not have to label a person as mentally abnormal which still carries stigma in many societies. Unlike the deviation of social norms focusing on public view, it recognizes a person’s subjective experience as a means of helping to define who is abnormal. We can focusing on treating the behaviour that is hindering the person from leading an adequately normal life and offer treatment to encourage more adaptive behaviour. However, it is not without its problems. The first limitation is that apparently abnormal behaviour may actually be helpful, functional and adaptive for the individual. For example, those with obsessive-compulsive disorders find that their obsessions (some maybe socially acceptable behaviour such as hand-washing) make them feel happy. The second limitation is some of its criteria depend on subjective judgements of other people. It may be that someone is deemed abnormal simply because the observer experiences discomfort in watching their behaviour and in their own mind believes them unable to function adequately. Thirdly, abnormality can be defined as the deviation from ideal mental health.

M.bovis Genetic Diversity

M.bovis Genetic Diversity Mycoplasmabovis pneumonia is an epidemic worldwide. To understand M.bovis genetic diversity would help develop novel measures to control this disease. Therefore this study was aimed to determine genotype distribution of Chinese strains and the potential global evolution. Firstly three available methods including two M. bovis multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes MLST-1 and MLST-2 and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were comparatively used for 44 Chinese strains and M. bovis type strain PG45 originated fromUSA. The results showed a high genetic homogeneity of Chinese isolates. By MLST-1, 43 of 44 (97.7%) Chinese isolate being ST-10, while 1 of 44 ST-34. The MLST-2 scheme clustered 44 Chinese isolates into two sequence types, ST-10 43 of 44 (97.7%) and 1 of 44 ST-32. PFGE clustered 42 of 44 (95.5%) into PT-I. The discrimination index was highest for PFGE (D = 0.160), while both MLST schemes have similar discrimination power (D = 0.110). The agreement rate among three typing methods is 95.4%à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 95% CIà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡84.2%, 99.4%à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. The type strain PG45 gave a unique type by all three methods. Additionally, MLST-2 scheme was used to analyze 8 Australia and 8 Israeli isolates. The results showed 8 Israeli strains represent three STs with ST-10 as the most dominant type comprising 50% of the strains, ST-20 (n=2) and ST-28 (n=2). The 8 Australian isolates showed two sequence types ST-10 (n=7) and another sequence type ST-41 (n=1) identified firstly here. The assay of evolutionary relationship by geoBURST Minimum spanning tree (MST) of 60 isolates typed in this study and 207 isolates of 11 countries from the MLST-2 database. It was revealed that similar dominant clone (ST-10 in CC 3) exists in China, Israel, Australia and United States. This may be related to global livestock movements. In conclusion, we firstly demonstrated the remarkable clonality of M. bovis in China and the dominant ST-10 might originate from a common global source. Key words: Mycoplasma bovis; molecular epidemiology; multilocus sequence typing (MLST); pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); cattle; evolution. Mycoplasma bovis (M.bovis) is the main causative pathogen of bovine mycoplasmosis worldwide such as in North America, Europe (Nicholas and Ayling, 2003), China (Shi et al., 2008), Australia (Morton et al., 2014) and Israel (Lysnyansky et al., 2016). It results in substantial economic losses to producers by causing M.bovispneumonia and mastitis in beef and dairy cattle. M. bovis was first isolated in 1961 in USA from cattle mastitis milk (Hale et al 1962) and has long been considered a player in bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) since 1976 (Thomas et al., 1986). It then appears to have spread via animal movements to, amongst many countries (Nicholas 2002). Today, infection occurs in most European countries and throughout the world. It was estimated that the economic loss caused by M.bovisin United States was up to $108 million per year. In Europe, M.bovis pneumonia constitutes about 30% of calf respiratory diseases (Nicolas and Ayling, 2003; Maunsell et al., 2011). As the prevalence o f M. bovis associated diseases varies widely across the world, there are important trade implications and a pressing need to monitor cattle for M. bovis. However, to date, there are large gaps in our understanding evolutionary relationships of this pathogen isolates between different countries and globally. In China the first M. bovis mastitis was described in 1983 (Chen et al., 1983) and first M. bovis pneumonia in 2008. Since then reports of M. bovis pneumonia and mastitis outbreaks have been frequently described (Shi et al., 2008; Peng et al., 2011). M. bovis pneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress, high fever and at postmortem lung lesions including carnification, extensive caseo-necrotic or suppurative foci in the lungs. M.bovis pneumonia caused over 80% morbidity and between 10% to 60% mortality in calves and stockers newly introduced into beef feedlots (Shi et al., 2008). A major contributing factor to this disease is the stress caused by the long distance transportation of calves and stockers between the feedlots and farms (Shi et al., 2008). The disease is difficult to control with chemotherapy, and vaccination would be an ideal alternative approach. An insight of the genetic diversity and population structure of M. bovis would assist in the development of novel vaccines, as well as gaining an insight into evolutionary trends. A variety of molecular typing methods have been used for epidemiological characterization of M. bovis strains including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis (Butler et al., 2001), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis (Kusiluka et al., 2000; Soehnlen et al., 2012), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (Pinho et al., 2012; Arcangioli et al., 2012), insertion sequence (IS) typing (Miles et al., 2005; Aebi et al., 2012) and multilocus variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (Pinho et al., 2012; Spergser et al., 2013). In addition, three multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) schemes were recently developed to study population structure, evolution and spread of this pathogen (Manso-Silvan et al., 2012;Register et al., 2015; Rosales et al., 2015). The MLST scheme developed by Manso-Silvan et al. (2012) is based on four housekeeping genes fusA, gyrB, lepAand rpoB and showed a discrimination index of 0.833, while improved MLST scheme have been developed by Rosales et al.2015) here after referred as MLST-1 scheme; and by Register et al. (2015) here after referred as MLST-2 scheme. Both schemes use seven housekeeping genes but they only have one gene in common and therefore theire discrimination power higher than the Manso-Silvan scheme. In the present study, it was aimed to firstly evaluate the three methods MLST-1 and MLST-2 schemes and conventional PFGE by comparing the results in typing 44 Chinese M.bovis isolates, secondly assess the genetic diversity and population structure of M. bovis strains isolated in period of 2007 2014 by using the type strain PG45 as the control., and thirdly explore the evolutionary relationship of Chinese M.bovis isolates with globally diverse isolates. Material and Methods Mycoplasma bovis isolates M. bovis Chinese isolates (n=44) were obtained during 2008 to 2014 from nine Chinese provinces: Hubei (n=25), Anhui (n=1), Fujian (n=2), Hunan (n=1), Jiangxi (n=3), Henan (n=8), Inner Mongolia (n=1), Guangzhou (n= 2) and Shandong (n=1). These M. bovis isolates were mostly from lungs in cases of pneumonia (n=41); together with other sources such as milk with mastitis (n=2); throat swab in case of pneumonia (n=1) and fluid of joint with arthritis (n=1). The M. bovis type strain PG45 was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 25523) and also used in this study. DNA samples from 8 Israeli M. bovis isolates were kindly offered by Prof. Dr. Inna Lysnyansky from Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel, collected during 2013-2014 from pneumonia (n=6), stillbirth (n=1) and arthritis (n =1) in seven regions namely Gilboa (n=1), Beer Tuvia (n=3), Hevel Eilot (n=1), Eshkol (n=1), Jerusalem (n=1), Mateh Yehuda (n=1) and EmekYizrael (n=1). In addition, eight whole genome sequences of Australian M.bovis isolates were retrieved from GenBank representing mastitis, (n=4), lungs (n=1), nose swab (n=1), joint fluid (n=1) and semen culture (n=1) in five regions namely New south Wales (n=2), Queensland (n=1), Tasmania (n=3), South Australia (n=1) and Victoria (n=1) with accession no. SAMN05444185, SAMN05444199, SAMN05444228, SAMN05444239, SAMN05444243, SAMN05444247, SAMN05444250, SAMN05444261) included in this study (Table 1). Growth conditions, species identification and DNA extraction M.bovis isolates were confirmed by species-specific PCR as previously described (Subramaniam et al., 1998). The M.bovis samples were grown in PPLO broth (Difco) supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) sodium pyruvate (Biosharp, China), 0.09% (w/v) yeast extract (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’0.004% (w/v) phenol red, 1% (v/v) 10- minimum essential medium (MEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), 20% (v/v) Hyclone donor horse serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and penicillin G 80,000 IU/100 mL and the final pH was adjusted to 7.6(Khan et al., 2016). DNA from each isolate was extracted using the genomic DNA extraction kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) MLST-1 scheme is based on a partial sequencing of dnaA, metS, recA, tufA, atpA, rpoD and tkt genes (Rosales et al., 2015); For MLST-1 scheme, 44 Chinese isolates and American type strain PG45. The PCR amplification conditions for MLST-1 were used as previously described (Rosales et al., 2015); after amplification, PCR products were further purified and sequenced using PCR Products Extraction Kit (Magnetic Beads) (Enriching Biotechnology, LTD, Wuhan, China) and sequenced. Sequencing reactions were performed by the commercial company (Tianyi Hui Yuan Biological Technology Pvt. Ltd. Wuhan, China).The quality of chromatograms was checked visually and sequence data were assembled and edited using SeqMan software (DNASTAR Inc., Wisconsin, USA). The assembled MLST-1 sequences were compared using non-redundant database (NRDB) comparison tool available in http://pubmlst.org/analysis/ with our previously analyzed 10 strains used as a control to assign allele and Sequence type number (Rosales e t al., 2015). MLST-2 scheme is based on a partial sequencing of adh-1, gltX, gpsA, gyrB, pta-2, tdk and tkt (Register et al., 2015). For MLST-2 scheme, the 44 Chinese strain and PG45 were subjected to PCR, and PCR products were sequenced as above mentioned method. The assembled sequences of all isolates were uploaded to http://pubmlst.org/mbovis/database to identify allele numbers and sequence types (STs). In addition, for the evolutionary assay, 8 Israel strains were typed with the method as described above. Meanwhile, 8 Australian isolates whole genome were annotated using prokka 1.11rapid prokaryotic genome annotation software (Seemann; 2014) at http://www.vicbioinformatics.com. Each locus sequence was extracted from the annotated genome. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis PFGE of 44 Chinese M.bovis field strains and type strain PG45 was performed as previously described (McAuliffe et al., 2004, Arcangioli et al., 2012) with some modifications for agarose block preparation. Briefly, macro-restriction analysis was performed with the restriction enzyme SmaI as follows: Each M.bovis isolate 15 ml culture aliquot was centrifuged at 15000 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´g for 20 min at 40C, the pellet was washed three times with Tris-EDTA buffer and resuspended in 400 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of cold Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0). Agarose plugs were prepared from a 1:1 mixture of the above cell suspension and 2% low-melting-boiling agarose (Bio-Rad). They were then incubated in a lysis buffer containing 10mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% lauroyl sarcosine, 1mg of proteinase K per ml for 48 h at 560C. These plugs were washed for 6h with several changes of Tris-EDTA buffer at 40C. The plugs were then cut aseptically into 2 mm sections and equilibrated in 120 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l restriction buffer (Prom ega) for 30 min at 40C. Subsequently, plugs were digested with 30U of SmaI (Promega, Shanghai, China) at 240C for 4 h. After digestion loaded in 1% pulsed-field-certified agarose gel (Bio-Rad), and run in a CHEF-DRIII system (Bio-Rad) at 6V/cm, in 0.5à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ TBE buffer at 140C, at 6V/cm with angle of 1200. The initial pulse time was 5s, with a final pulse time of 40s with a running time of 24 h. The lambda DNA ladder PFGE marker (Bio-Rad) was used as a reference. PFGE fragments in the gel were stained with ethidium bromide (EB) (1mg/ml) for 20 min, and destained in distilled water for 1.5 h and visualized under UV transilluminator. Pulsotypes (PT) were assigned numbers consecutively based on differences of more than one band in PFGE patterns upon visual inspection. The banding patterns were analyzed using Dice coefficients with 1% band position tolerance. The clustering of patterns was performed using unweighted pair group matching algorithm (UPGMA) as previously described ( Arcangioliet al., 2012; Timsit et al., 2012). Allelic sequence variance analysis The Sequence Type Analysis and Recombinational Test Version 2 (START2) (Jolley et al., 2001) were used to analyze polymorphic sites, construct UPGM dendrograms and calculate non-synonymous to synonymous ratios (dN/dS). Genetic diversity (H) of each locus and Index of Association (IA) were calculated by using LIAN 3.5 (Haubold and Hudson, 2000) hosted on http://guanine.evolbio.mpg.de/cgi-bin/lian/lian.cgi.pl/query. Global evolution and minimum spanning tree (MST) analysis The evolutionary relationship between isolates and M.bovis population structure was determined using PHYLOViZ (Fransciso et al., 2012) and evaluated by minimum spanning tree (MST) created using eBURST (geoBURST) algorithm (Francisco et al., 2009). MST for MLST-2 was performed for 257 isolates from 11 countries including 60 strains (44 China, 8 Israeli and 8 Australia isolates)   typed in this study and 207 isolates   retrieved January, 2017 (Supplementary Table 3) from the M.bovis MLST-2 database www.pubmlst.org/mbovis. Statistical analysis The discriminatory ability of both MLST methods and PFGE was calculated using Simpsons index of diversity as previously described (Hunter and Gaston, 1998). Congruence between both typing techniques was measured using the adjusted Rand Coefficient and Wallace Coefficient (Severiano et al., 2011). All statistical analyses were performed using the freely available online tool (http://darwin.phyloviz.net/ComparingPartitions/) Results The comparison of M.bovis typing with three methods MLST-1 analysis A total of 44, out of 10 were previously typed (Rosales et al., 2015) were also used for control and typed by MLST-1. The mean GC contents of seven gene fragments ranged from 29.15% (dnaA) to 37.23% (tufA) while it was 37.4 % in the whole M. bovis HB0801 genome (Qi et al., 2012). For each of seven loci, allelic variation was analyzed including polymorphic sites, guanine-cytosine(GC) content, synonymous and non-synonymousratios (dN/dS)(Table 2).The number of polymorphic sites per locus ranged from 4 (6.2%) in recA to 19 (29.6 %) in dnaA, and a total of 64 polymorphic sites for all seven genes were identified. The number of alleles observed ranged from 2 (metS, recA, tufA, atpA, and tkt) to 3 (dnaA and rpoD). The genetic diversity (H) for each locus was 0.0879 for dnaA and 0.0444 for metS, recA, tufa atpA and tkt. The dN and dS substitutions ranged from 0.0000 to 0.0623. In summary, all 44 Chinese M.bovis isolates typed by MLST-1 were divided into two STs namely ST-10 and ST-34 (Table 1).The ST-10 (with allelic profile of 2,6,2,2,2,5,3) was most numerically dominant, comprising 97.7%à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 43/44à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °of Chinese M.bovis isolates including the Chinese strain HB0801 (Fig.1). In addition, ST-34 (allelic profile of 11,6,2,2,2,5,3) contains only one strain SZ; while ST-1(allelic profile of 1,1,1,1,1,1,1) represented by strain PG45 was identified (Table 1). Genetic relatedness amongst the 44 Chinese M.bovis strains showed two clades A and B. Clade A contained the majority (97.7%) of isolates (43/44) including the Chinese strain HB0801, while clade B contained one Chinese strain SZ (ST-34). M.bovis PG45 type strain was an outlier of these two clades (Fig.1). The geoBURST and MST analysis clustered 44 Chinese in the clonal complex CC2, whereas reference strain PG45 (ST-1) in CC1 (Table 1) as previously described (Rosales et al., 2015) MLST-2 analysis All 44 M.bovis isolates were examined by MLST-2. The mean GC contents of seven gene fragments ranged from 28.76% (tdk) to 35.61% (gyrB).The number of polymorphic sites per locus ranged from 8 in gyrB (8.66%) to 22(23.91%) in gpsA and a total of 92 polymorphic sites were identified (Table 2). The numbers of alleles identified were 2 for adh-1, gpsA, gyrB, pta2 and tkt and, 3 for gltX. The genetic diversity obtained 0.328 for adh-1 to 0.962 for gpsA (Table 2).   The Chinese strains were distributed into two different sequence types. ST-10 with allelic profile 4,3,3,3,5,3,4 was the most numerically dominant type, comprising 97.7% (43/44) of Chinese isolates; and ST-32 had only one isolate, SZ respectively. All M.bovis isolates tested in this study were clustered into two major clades A and B based on genetic relatedness by UPGMA. Clade A was comprised of 97.7% (43/44) of Chinese isolates including the Chinese strain HB0801. Whereas Clade-B contains one Chinese isolate. Same as above, M.bovis PG45 type strain was an outlier of these two clades (Fig. 2) PFGE typing The 44 Chinese M.bovis strains, and type strain PG45 were subjected to PFGE following the use of restriction enzyme SmaI. All isolates were typeable and the banding profile of the isolates ranged from 6 to 10 bands (from

An Economic Analysis of Oregon’s 2007 Road User Fee Pilot Program Essay

I. Introduction and Background The gasoline tax has provided revenue for the Federal and State Highway Trust Fund (HTF) for decades; however, the tax rates have remained stagnate leading to the funds depletion. The HTF is responsible for funding highway and mass transit projects and also maintenance of those projects at the Federal and State level. In 2005 around 80 percent of funding for all projects came from the gasoline tax (Kim, Porter, Whitty, Svadlenak Lareson, Capps, Imholt & Person 2008, pg. 37). Thus, it is vital for the HTF to be a revenue collecting system that can replace the gasoline tax. Oregon has recently begun testing an alternative revenue collection program to fund their HTF. Currently, State gasoline tax is set at 24 cents per-gallon and that is on top of the Federal gasoline tax of 18.4 cents, which only, 18.3 cents is used for roads, the total tax equals to 42.4 cents per-gallon (McMullen, Zhang, & Nakahara, 2010, pg. 360) (Austin & Dinan, 2012 pg.2). The gasoline tax has not been raised in years and is unable to keep up with fuel-efficient technologies. Consequently, the Federal government has had to allocate funds to States HTF for projects along with States having to borrow money form their other accounts. Therefore Oregon proposed the 2007 Road User Fee Pilot Program to test if a vehicle mileage traveled (VMT) tax is a feasible solution to the gasoline tax. Oregon’s propose program is in response to new fuel-efficient vehicles and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards that have forced the automotive industry to rise miles-per-gallon in new vehicles to help combat climate change. It is estimated that CAFE standards have lower the gasoline tax revenue around twenty percent (Austi... ... Evaluation of Oregon's Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Revenue Collection System." Transportation Research Board 2079: 37-44. Print. McMullen, Starr, Lei Zhang, and Kyle Nakahara. "Distributional impacts of changing from a gasoline tax to a vehicle-mile tax for light vehicles: A case study of Oregon." Transport Policy 17: 359-366. Print. Rufolo, Anthony, and Thomas Kimpel. "Responses to Oregon's Experiment in Road Pricing ." Transportation Research Board 2079: 1-7. Print. Thomas, Michael , and Kevin Heaslip. "Technological Change and the Lowest Common Denominator Problem: an Analysis of Oregon's Vehicle Miles Travelled Fee Experiment ." Journal of City and Town Management 2: 1-23. Web. 6 May 2014. Whitty, James. "Oregon's Mileage Fee Concept and Road User Fee Pilot Program: Final Report ." Oregon Department of Transportation 1 Nov. 2007: iv-92. Print.